Metabolic status related to claw disorders

Received: 2016-07-25 | Accepted: 2016-08-02 | Available online: 2017-03-31http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.01.06-09The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between metabolic status and claw disorders. 122 Holstein cows from 2 farms in west Slovakia between years 2012 and 2016 were observed. Total 226 test-day records of milk yield of cows between 8 to 150 days in milk (DIM) were analysed. Maximum 2 test-day records before functional claw trimming were observed. The influence of F/P ratio to claw disorders (IDHE, DD, SU) was analysed with PROC GLM of SAS. The model included the fixed effect of breed, year of calving, calving season, number of lactation and the random effects of days in milk and F/P ratio. During the functional claw trimming was found that 27 cows were affected by IDHE, 9 cows by DD and 27 cows by SU. Observed cows in average produced 39.48 ±9.53 kg of milk. The mean of F/P ratio was 1.17 ±0.22 and the mean of days in milk was 78 ±38.42. The models described the occurrence of claw disorders from 13.20 % in case of DD to 18.85 % by IDHE. The prevalence of SU was described by model on 17.34 %. The effect of F/P ratio increased significantly (P > 0.05) the occurrence of SU by 30.33 %.Keywords: Holstein, cow, test-day yield, fat/protein ratio, claw disorderReferences NOCEK, J.E. (1997) Bovine Acidosis: Implications on Laminitis. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 80, pp. 1005-1028. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76026-0RABOISSON, D., MOUNIÉ, M. and MAIGNÉ, E. (2014) Diseases, reproductive performance, and changes in milk production associated with subclinical ketosis in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and review. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 7547-7563. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8237DUFFIELD, T.F. et al. (2009) Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 92, pp.571-580. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1507BUTTCHEREIT, N. et al. (2012) Genetic parameters for energy balance, fat/protein ratio, body condition score and disease traits in German Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol. 129, pp. 280-288. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00976.xHARDER, B. et al. (2006) Genetic parameters for health traits and their relationship to different persistency traits in German Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 89, pp. 3202-3212. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72595-4MANSKE, T., HULTGREN, J. and BERGSTEN, C. (2002) The effect of claw trimming on the hoof health of Swedish dairy cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 54, pp. 113-129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00020-xSCHÖPKE, K. et al. (2013) Relationships between bovine hoof disorders, body condition traits, and test-day yields. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 96, pp. 679-689. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5728VERMUNT, J.J. and GREENOUGH, P.R. (1995) Structural characteristics of the bovine claw: Horn growth and wear. horn hardness and claw conformation. British veterinary journal, vol. 151, pp. 157-180. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80007-7BERGE, A.C. and VERTENTEN, G. (2014) A field study to determine the prevalence, dairy herd management systems, and fresh cow clinical conditions associated with ketosis in western European dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 2145-2154. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7163ZINK, V. et al. (2014) Analyses of genetic relationships between linear type traits, fat-to-protein ratio, milk production traits, and somatic cell count in first-parity Czech Holstein cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, vol 12, pp. 539-547.BUTTCHEREIT, N. et al. (2010) Evaluation of five lactation curve models fitted for fat:protein ratio of milk and daily energy balance. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 93, pp. 1710-1712. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2198HEUER, C., SCHUKKEN, Y.H. and DOBBELAAR, P. (1999) Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test day milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield, and culling in commercial dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 82, pp. 295-304. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75236-7GAO, X. and OBA, M. (2014). Relationship of severity of subacute ruminal acidosis to rumen fermentation, chewing activities, sorting behaviour, and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 3006-3016. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7472COLLARD, B.L. et al. (2000) Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 83, pp. 2683-2690. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75162-9BICALHO, R.C. and OIKONOMOUS, G. (2013) Control and prevention of lameness associated with claw lesions in dairy cows. Livestock Science, vol. 156, pp. 96-105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.007COOK, N.B., NORDLUND, K.V. and OETZEL, G.R. (2004) Environmental influences on claw horn lesions associated with laminitis and subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 87, pp. E36-E46. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)70059-4VERMUNT, J.J. (1992) “Subclinical” laminitis in dairy cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, vol. 40, pp. 133-138. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1992.3571

Casein Polymorphism in Relation to the Milk Production Traits of Slovak Spotted Cattle

The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms in the bovine genes encoding CSN1A1 and CSN3 caseins and analyse the structure of population of Slovak Spotted cattle. Subsequent analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of both polymorphisms on long-life milk production traits. The genomic DNA was extracted from totally 180 blood samples. All of analysed animals were genotyped by using the PCR-RFLP method. In population the prevalence of homozygote animals was found. For CSN1A1 gene the BB genotype was noted as predominant. In terms of CSN3 gene the genotype frequencies was more balanced. The most frequent genotype were AA. The population genetic indices signalised the decrease of genetic variability in population mainly for CSN1A1 gene. Except FIS index, each of parameter reflected the high proportion of BB homozygous individuals in population. The values of observed and expected heterozygosity for CSN3 gene indicated similarly the prevalence of homozygote individuals in population, but the decrease of heterozygosity was not so high. The effect of polymorphisms on production traits was tested based on the GLM procedure. In case of both SNPs we were able to describe the variability of analysed traits on 95%. The study results clearly indicated the positive effects of CSN1A1BB and CSN3AA genotypes in order to improve the milk production traits in Slovak Spotted cattle. In addition, the statistical analysis confirmed the key role of casein in milk production and its composition

Variation in Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns between Populations of Different Production Types

The aim of this study was to quantify the variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns between populations of Slovak Pinzgau, Austrian Pinzgau, Simmental, Charolais and Holstein. These comparisons included differences between the genetically close populations as well as between dairy and beef breed types. Total number of genes in regions with top 0.01 and 0.1 percentile was 202. The most significant SNPs for production, reproduction and functional traits were positioned in the chromosome 7, 9, 11, 14, 20 and 24 (H2AFY, MAP3K, FAM110B, UBXN2B, CYP7A1, SDCBP, NSMAF, PRKAA1, PTGER4, MIR2361, CDH18 and C9). Genome scans confirmed the presence of selective sweeps in the genomic regions that harbour candidate genes that are known to affect productive traits in cattle such as CAST, COQ3, GJA1, ACYP2, SPTBN1, EML6, RTN4, MAP3K7, PLAG1, CHCHD7, PENK, PRLR, GHR, C6, C7, LIFR, MOCOS, GALNT1, COLEC12, CETN1, TYMS, YES1, NDC80, LPIN2, MYOM1, MYL12A, MYL12B and DLGAP1. Although phenotypic diversity is not sufficiently large to be detected, investigating the polymorphisms presented in the regions of the genome that are involved in breeding traits can be very useful in terms of genetic improvement

Variation in Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns between Populations of Different Production Types

The aim of this study was to quantify the variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns between populations of Slovak Pinzgau, Austrian Pinzgau, Simmental, Charolais and Holstein. These comparisons included differences between the genetically close populations as well as between dairy and beef breed types. Total number of genes in regions with top 0.01 and 0.1 percentile was 202. The most significant SNPs for production, reproduction and functional traits were positioned in the chromosome 7, 9, 11, 14, 20 and 24 (H2AFY, MAP3K, FAM110B, UBXN2B, CYP7A1, SDCBP, NSMAF, PRKAA1, PTGER4, MIR2361, CDH18 and C9). Genome scans confirmed the presence of selective sweeps in the genomic regions that harbour candidate genes that are known to affect productive traits in cattle such as CAST, COQ3, GJA1, ACYP2, SPTBN1, EML6, RTN4, MAP3K7, PLAG1, CHCHD7, PENK, PRLR, GHR, C6, C7, LIFR, MOCOS, GALNT1, COLEC12, CETN1, TYMS, YES1, NDC80, LPIN2, MYOM1, MYL12A, MYL12B and DLGAP1. Although phenotypic diversity is not sufficiently large to be detected, investigating the polymorphisms presented in the regions of the genome that are involved in breeding traits can be very useful in terms of genetic improvement

Effect of feeding of different sources of NPN on production performance of dairy cows.

Received: 2016-04-11 | Accepted: 2016-05-04 | Available online: 2016-12-22http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.163-166The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of feeding of different sources of NPN on nutrient utilization and production performance of dairy cows under field conditions. Balancing diets for crude protein without consideration of protein quality or rumen degradability often led to overfeeding of nitrogen and less than optimum production. High yielding dairy cows separated in two groups with 85 resp. 80 cows in each were set up for the trial. Groups were consistent according the stage of production and reproduction cycle as well as age structure. Both groups were fed concentrate mixture with the same composition with only difference in NPN/ microbial protein source, with same dosage of 100 g per cow and day. Field trial was performed for period of 3 subsequent months. Performance data were collected in accordance with official milk recording. In both groups majority of cows were on first lactation. Significant differences in daily milk production were observed 2.87 kg (P<0.01) for group 2, in fat content 0.07 % for group 2 non-significant, whereas in protein content 0.18% for group 1 significant (P<0.01) in case of first lactations. If considering  first tree lactations, group 2 produced 1.7 kg milk per day more (P<0.08), with 0.05% fat more and 0.002 % protein less than group 1. The space created in dry matter intake by a concentrated slow-release NPN can be filled with high quality forage that could reduce the cost of feeding while maintaining levels of production. Keywords: Holstein, slow-release urea, microbial protein, milk yieldReferences Bíro, D., Gálik, B., Juráček, M. et al. (2009) Effect of Biological and Biochemical Silage Additives on Final Nutritive, Hygienic and Fermentation Characteristics of Ensiled High Moisture Crimped Corn. Acta Veterinaria Brno, vol. 78 (4), pp. 691-698 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978040691Bouška J. et al. (2006) Chov dojeného skotu, Profi Press, Praha, 2006Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Peyraud, J. L., Lemosquet, S. et al. (2014) Dietary carbohydrate composition modifies the milk N efficiency in late lactation cows fed low crude protein diets. Animal, vol. 8 (2), pp. 275-285 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113002012Cappellozza, B. I., Bohnert, D. W., Schauer, C. S. et al.  (2013) Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or soybean meal to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forage: II. Effects on ruminal fermentation Livestock Science, vol. 155 (2-3), pp. 214-222 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.002De Boever, J. L., Blok, M. C., Millet, S. et al. (2014) The energy and protein value of wheat, maize and blend DDGS for cattle and evaluation of prediction methods. Animal, vol. 8(11), pp 1839–1850  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001815Harrison, G. A. and Karnezos T. P. (2005) Can we improve efficiency of nitrogen utilization in the lactating cow? Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, vol. 15, 2005, 001-011pp.Hazuchová E. and Kasarda R. (2010) Evaluation of body condition score of lactating cows. 61st EAAP Annual Meeting, Heraklion. 2010. Book of Abstracts. 34, 26,p. 375Holder  Vaughn B., El-Kadi, Samer W., Tricarico, Juan M. et al. (2013) The effects of crude protein concentration and slow release urea on nitrogen metabolism in Holstein steers. Archives of Animal Nutrition, vol. 67 (2), pp. 93-100 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2013.773647Kudrna V. and Homolka P. (2009) Vliv diety, zejména obsahu dusíkatých látek, na množství a kvalitu mléčné bílkoviny a zdraví dojnic, Výskumný ústav živočišné výroby, Praha – Uhříněves, 2009McGuire D. L., Bohnert, D. W., Schauer, C. S. et al. (2013) Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or soybean meal to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forage: I-Effects on efficiency of nitrogen use and nutrient digestion  Livestock Science, vol. 155, (2-3), pp. 205-213 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.015Šimko, M., Čerešňáková, Z. Bíro, D. et al. (2010) Influence of Wheat and Maize Starch on fermentation in the Rumen, Duodenal Nutrient Flow and Nutrient Digestibility. ActaVeterinaria Brno, vol. 79 (4), pp. 533-541 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079040533Zeman, L. et al.(2006)  Výživa a krmení hospodářských zvířat., Profi Press, Praha, 2006

Zmeny pomeru tuku a bielkovín od začiatku po stred laktácie a vplyv na mliekovú úžitkovosť

The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes of fat-to-protein ratio (F/P ratio) from early to mid-lactation and the impact on milk yield. 208 Holstein cows from 3 dairy farms in west Slovakia calved between years 2012 and 2015 were observed. Into the study 908 test-day records of milk yield were included. Cows were from 5 to 150 days in milk (DIM). Statistical analysis and analysis of influence of F/P ratio on milk yield were performed by SAS. The sample of observed cows produced 35.25 ± 11.55 kg*day-1 of milk. The average day in milk was 77.40 ± 41.17 and the average F/P ratio was 1.19 ± 0.25. In acidosis risk were 19.71% of all observation and 8.92% were in ketosis risk. The occurrence of acidosis risk increased and the occurrence of ketosis risk decreased from early to mid-lactation. The model described the variation of milk yield by 44.20%. All of the selected effects except the year of calving had high statistical significant (P0,05) mliekovú úžitkovosť o 3,74 kg*deň-1. Priemerná hodnota pomeru tuku a bielkovín medzi 61 až 90 dňom laktácie bola 1,16 ± 0,22. Pomer tuku a bielkovín je možné použiť ako neinvazívny ukazovateľ na zníženie negatívneho dopadu metabolického stavu na mliekovú úžitkovosť

Genetic diversity and production potential of animal food resources

Article Details: Received: 2020-05-21 | Accepted: 2020-06-02 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.102-108The submission aims to present results of the five-year research project, oriented on the evaluation of genetic diversity of selected populations of economically important animal species in Slovakia, their sustainable adaptation and production potential in the context of preservation of genetic resources and food safety. Under the supervision of Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra run between 2015- 2019 project called Molecular-genetic diversity and production potential of animal genetic resources in Slovakia (APVV-14-0054). Considering the difficulty and complexity of studied issues was research realized in close collaboration with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) and Zagreb University. Erosion of genetic diversity represents the main threat for food safety of mankind. Individuals of economically important animal species groups accumulate risks and threats of loss of sustainable adaptation as a reaction to the environment due to intense selective breeding. It is therefore important and needed to focus on permanent monitoring and evaluation of diversity of economically important breeds based on the diverse parameter and suitable methods.Keywords: Genetic diversity, economically important breeds, Animal genetic resources, SlovakiaReferencesKADLEČÍK, O., HAZUCHOVÁ, E., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KUKUČKOVÁ, V. (2017b). Genetic diversity in Slovak spotted breed. AGROFOR, 2(3), 124–131.KADLEČÍK, O., HAZUCHOVÁ, E., PAVLÍK, I. and KASARDA, R. (2016). Genetická diverzita slovenského strakatého a holštajnského dobytka (1. vyd). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KADLEČÍK, O., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KASARDA, R. (2017a). Biodiverzita populácií zvierat. Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., KADLEČÍK, O. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019b). Genetická diverzita slovenského pinzgauského plemena (1. vyd). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019c). Genomic and pedigree-based inbreeding in Slovak Spotted cattle. AGROFOR, 4(1), 102–110.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2016d). Spatial structure of the Lipizzan horse gene pool based on microsatellite variations analysis. AGROFOR, 1(2), 125–132.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2018d). Genetic structure of warmblood horses on molecular-genetic level. Agriculture and Forestry, 64(1), 7–13.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and POKORÁDI, J. (2016a). Manažment farmového chovu a biodiverzita jeleňa lesného na Slovensku. Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and VLČEK, M. (2018b). Genetic parameters of claw traits and milk yield in Slovak Holstein cattle. V Genetic days 2018 (s. 24). České Budějovice: University of South Bohemia.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., CANDRÁK, J., MÉSZÁROS, G., VLČEK, M., KUKUČKOVÁ, V. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017b). Genome-wide mixed model association study in population of Slovak Pinzgau cattle. Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 82(3), 267–271.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., HALO, M., HORNÝ, M., LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B., BUJKO, J. and CANDRÁK, J. (2019e). Trend vývoja genomického inbrídingu v populácii plemena lipican. V Aktuálne smerovanie v chove koní (1. s. 32– 36). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and CANDRÁK, J. (2018a). The impact of artificial selection on runs of homozygosity in Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau cattle. Slovak journal of animal science, 51(3), 91–103.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., HALO, M. and CANDRÁK, J. (2019a). Level of inbreeding in Norik of muran horse: Pedigree vs. Genomic data. 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Slovak journal of animal science, 50(4), 165.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MÉSZÁROS, G. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2015). Genome-wide selection signatures in Pinzgau cattle. Potravinárstvo, 9(1), 268–274.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., VOSTRÁ, L., KRUPOVÁ, Z., KRUPA, E., LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., NÁDASKÝ, R., ŽIDEK, R., BELEJ, Ľ., GOLIAN, J. and POLÁK, P. (2020). Fine-scale analysis of six beef cattle breeds revealed patterns of their genomic diversity. Italian Journal of Animal Science, in review.KASARDA, R., VLČEK, M., CANDRÁK, J. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2018c). Estimation of heritability for claw traits in Holstein cattle using Bayesian and REML approaches. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 19(4), 784–790.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2017a). Genomic characterisation of Slovak pinzgau cattle (1st ed). Praha: Wolters Kluwer.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., CURIK, I. and FERENČAKOVIC, M. (2016a). Extent of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium in Pinzgau cattle. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 17(1), 294–302.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R., ŽITNÝ, J. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2018a). Genetic markers and biostatistical methods as  appropriate tools to preserve genetic resources. AGROFOR, 3(2), 41–48.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KASARDA, R. (2016c). Genomic determination of the most important father lines of Slovak Pinzgau cows. AGROFOR, 1(3), 110–118.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., CURIK, I., SIMČIČ, M., MÉSZÁROS, G. and KASARDA, R. (2018b). Genetic diversity of local cattle. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 65(3), 421–424.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., FERENČAKOVIĆ, M., SIMČIČ, M., MÉSZÁROS, G., SÖLKNER, J., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O., CURIK, I. and KASARDA, R. (2017b). Genomic characterization of Pinzgau cattle: genetic conservation and breeding perspectives. Conservation Genetics, 18(4), 893–910.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. 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Evaluation of Claw Conformation by Using Two Methods of Measuring-by Ruler and Image Analysis

The healthy claws with the correct shape are needed for non-problematic locomotion and welfare of dairy cows. Into the study 120 Slovak spotted dairy cows were included. Cows were kept on one farm in west part of Slovakia. Claws of right hind legs were evaluated after the regular functional trimming in October 2016. Claw measures as claw angle, claw length, heel depth, claw height, diagonal and claw width were analysed. Firstly, after the functional trimming the measures by ruler were taken. Secondly, the digital images of the bottom and right lateral side with ruler by digital camera Olympus SP-600 UZ were taken. Computer image analysis of digital images was performed by using NIS Elements 3.0. In addition to 6 claw parameters, total and functional claw areas were obtained from image analysis. The statistical analysis, t test and correlation between two types of measurements were performed in SAS. The correlations and the differences between measurements obtained by image analysis and taken by hand were calculated. Obtained correlation ranged from 0.11 to 0.74. Except claw angle, all correlations were significant (P<0.01). The lowest correlations were found in claw angle. The highest were found in claw width. The highest differences were found in claw angle a diagonal. The mean claw length was lower than is optimal for similar breed. Total claw area was 46.85±7.19 cm2 and functional claw area was 26.79±6.05 cm2. The higher number of observations for one parameters (for example 3) is necessary to obtain more precise comparison between both applied methods. In the future, this technique could be use as objective and very effective tool to measure claw shape

Genomic signatures of selection in cattle through variation of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of artificial selection on Slovak Spotted and Slovak Pinzgau genomes through identification of selection signatures and to characterize most important genomic regions reflecting the selective breeding for traits of interest during the formation of those breeds. The genotyping data for in total of 236 animals were included in this study. Two approaches were used to identify genomic footprints of selection: Wright\u27s FST statistic and variation in genome-wide linkage disequilibrium patterns between selected populations. Based on applied methods, in total of 18 genomic regions under strong selection pressure were detected across 10 autosomes (BTA 4, MTA5, BTA6, BTA7, BTA11, BTA12, BTA20, BTA22, and BTA23). The longest region was identified on BTA6 close to genes affecting milk production and coat colour pattern, while the shortest one was found on BTA11. In addition, inside the identified regions some of the other genes affecting the milk production traits (casein family, HAL, IGF1, ABCG2, SPP1), carcass traits and body composition (MYBPC1, MYH9, PACRGL), reproduction (AMDHD1), temperament (SNRPF), and coat colour (KIT, KDR) were found. Because of this, all of the detected regions can be attributed mostly to improvement of milk production and muscle development, thus selection for dual-purpose performance